![]() ![]() ![]() Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (1876-1948) continued this Italian tradition, but with comic operas often drawing on 18th-century music his enduring work is Il segreto di Susanna (1909). ![]() The only opera of Riccardo Zandonai (1883-1944) to survive in the regular repertoire is Francesca da Rimini (1913-1914). Pietro Mascagni (1863-1945) had similar early success with Cavalleria rusticana (1890), one of the staples of the operatic repertoire, and with L'Amico Fritz (1891). Franco Alfano (1876-1954) is discussed below of the other major verismo composers, Umberto Giordano (1867-1948) greatest successes were with Andrea Chénier (1896) and Fedora (1898), although he continued with seven more operas, notably Il Re (1929). His last opera, Turandot, moves in its musical language into the 20th century, but many of his followers wrote in an idiom that still very largely belongs to the 19th century. Giuseppe Verdi, with Richard Wagner the most important opera composer of his age, died in 1901, while Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) adapted the typical Italian melodic emphasis and expressive orchestration to more realistic psychological scenarios in a style known as verismo. As the 20th century emerged, music in Italy was dominated by opera, by opera houses of widely varying standards but enthusiastic audiences, and by opera composers, as it had been for the previous century. ![]()
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